مسائل حقوقی مربوط به بیمه (بخش دوم)
سایت مشاوره حقوقی در این مطلب در مورد بیمه و مسائل حقوقی مربوط به آن توضیح می دهد :
بيمه از زبان هندي ( اردو ) گرفته شده است و معني لغوي آن ضمانت است . در اصطلاح نيز ضمانت مخصوصي است از جان يا مال كه در حقوق جديد دنيا رواج يافته است . در بيمه اشخاص با پرداخت وجهي مسئوليت كالا يا سرمايه يا جان خود را بعهده ديگري ميگذارند و بيمه كننده در هنگام زيان بايد زيان و خسارت وارده را بپردازد .
مشاوره حقوقی تلفنی ، از خدماتی است که در این سایت در اختیار شماست .
تعريف متداول بيمه بدين شرح است : بيمه عملي است كه به موجب آن بيمه گر در مقابل دريافت عوض بنام (( حق بيمه يا وجه اشتراك )) و بموجب مقررات خاص خسارات را جبران مينمايد بدين ترتيب بيمه موجد نوعي اطمينان در مقابل مخاطره محتمل الوقوع تلقي ميگردد.
در اين مقاله اختصاراً به سوابق بيمه ، بيمه در قوانين ايران ، اقسام بيمه ، موارد فسخ و بطلان بيمه اشاراتي خواهيم داشت .
مسائل حقوقی مربوط به بیمه
الف . سوابق بيمه
در عهد عتيق بيمه شناخته نبود ( قرن چهارم تا هفتم ميلادي ) در رم باستان صاحبان كشتي و متصديان حمل و نقل دريائي متعهد ميشدند كه خسارات ناشي از عمليات جنگي دشمن و طوفان را بپردازند . به لحاظ خطرات اساسي كه متوجه مال التجاره هاي دريائي بود ، بيمه دريائي به عنوان نخستين نوع بيمه ايجاد گرديد . اين بيمه در حال حاضر نيز پر اهميت ترين نوع بيمه است .
وکیل پایه یک دادگستری توضیح می دهد :
بدين ترتيب ايجاد بيمه دريائي مربوط به قرون وسطي و انواع ديگر بيمه مربوط به قرن نوزدهم است . اين مطلب كه در كدام كشور براي اولين با بيمه بوجود آمده است ، محل اختلاف است . عده اي معتقدند كه بيمه براي اولين بار در فلاندر (ناحيه اي در شمال كشور بلژيك ) پديد آمد و به سال 1310 ميلادي شخصي بنام كنت دوبتون بنا به درخواست اهالي شهر بروژ دفتر بيمه تاًسيس نمود . به نظرعده اي نيز بيمه از ابداعات ايتاليائي ها و اسپانيولي ها در قرن 24 ميلادي بوده است . بهرحال ميدانيم كه اولين بيمه نامه بدست آمده در سالهاي 1247و1370 ميلادي در شهرهاي ((ژن )) و ((بروگ )) تنظيم شده است .
برای حقوقی در این موسسه برای رفاه شما عزیزان فراهم شده که مشاوره حقوقی آنلاین یکی از آن هاست .
در ايران نيز پاره اي قراردادهاي شبيه بيمه متقابل بحري در ميان اقوام ساحل نشين خليج فارس قبل از اسلام معمول بوده است . با ظهور اسلام به دو قاعده حقوقي اسلامي برخورد مينمائيم كه با قراردادهاي بيمه امروزي شاهت دارند . –1عقد عمري، به شرح ماده 47 قانون مدني: ((عمري حق انتفاعي است كه بموجب عقدي از طرف مالك براي شخص بمدت عمر خود يا عمر منتفع و يا عمر شخص ثالثي بر قرار شده باشد)).
با اندكي دقت در اين تاًسيس نوعي تاًمين را باز مي يابيم 2ـ ضمان جريره . استاد شهيد مرتضي مطهري ضما ن جريره را بسيار نزديك به بيمه دانسته اند .در ضمان جريره دو نفر با يكديگر قراردادي را منعقد مينمايند و يكي از اين دو متعهد ميشود در صورتيكه از روي اشتباه مرتكب عملي گرديده كه مستوجب پرداخت ديه به شخص ثالث باشد طرف ديگر آن ديه را بپردازد .
در قانون مجازات اسلامي مصوب 24/9/61 مفصلا در خصوص عاقله ومسئوليت وي در پرداخت ديه جنايتهاي خطائي بحث شده است . پرداخت ديه توسط عاقله را به
گونه اي ميتوان نوعي بيمه تلقي نمود .
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