بروز رسانی 1401/07/04
انسان ذاتا دارای یک سری حق و حقوق می باشد که یکی از مهم ترین این حقوق، حق مالکیت می باشد.
قانون اساسی هر کشور میزان این حق و حقوق را تعیین کرده است.
اما بسیاری از افراد از آن خبری ندارند و نمی دانند چه حق و حقوقی دارند
و اگر چه از منظر قانونی با آن آشنایی ندارند اما در زندگی روزمره از آن ها استفاده می کنند.
پس در نظر داشته باشید که استفاده از برخی از قوانین می تواند بدون آگاهی دقیق از آن صورت بگیرد
و تا زمانی که فرد قانونی را نقض نکره باشد برای فرد مشکلی پیش نمی آید.
در این نوشته مشاوره حقوقی به بررسی این مورد می پردازیم
که حق مالکیت چیست؟ و چه افرادی از آن برخوردار هستند؟
بر اساس فرهنگ فارسی معین حق مالکیت حقی است که انسان نسبت به شی دارد
و می تواند هر گونه تصرفی در آن بکند بجز آنچه که مورد استثنای قانون است.
استاد جعفر لنگرودی در کتاب ترمینولوژی حقوق، حق مالکیت را به صورت زیر تعریف کرده اند:
حق استعمال و بهره برداری و انتقال یک چیز به هر صورت مگر در مواردی که قانون استثنا کرده باشد.
در قانون مدنی ایران مالکیت فقط در مورد عین استعمال نشده است.
در اصطلاح فقه هر سلطه قانونی را ملک نامند و مالکیت صفتی است که از این نظر بکار می رود.
لذا گفته اند: مالکیت خانه، مالیک حق تحجیر، مالکیت منافع و غیره.
البته این را در نظر داشته باشید که حق مالکیت فقط در مواردی که مالکیت از راه درست و مشروع به دست آمده باشد
قابل استناد و دفاع می باشد و قانون از آن حمایت می کند.
بنابراین مالی که از طریق کلاهبرداری به دست آمده باشد
چون از راه های غیر مشروع به دست آمده است، قابل استناد و وفاع نمی باشد.
از این منظر می توان گفت که مالکیت سه جنبه مهم دارد:
1- اشیا یا منافع در تملک فرد حقیقی یا حقوقی قرار دارند؛
2- فرد حق استفاده و بهره برداری از اسیا یا منافع را دارد؛
3- کسب مال یا منفعت از راه های درست و مشروع بوده باشد.
سه نوع حق مالکیت داریم:
در این حالت فرد هم صاحب مال است و هم صاحب منافعی که از مال به دست می آید.
برای مثال یک نفر که صاحب خانه است با اجاره دادن خانه خود، از فرد مستاجر اجاره دریافت می کند
در این حالت فرد هم مالکیت خانه را دارد و هم از منافع ناشی از آن که همان اجاره است، منتفع می گردد.
در این حالت فرد صاحب مال نیست بلکه بنا بر یک سری شرایط خاص می تواند از منافع ملک استفا ه کند.
بر اساس ماده ۴۰ قانون مدنی حق انتفاع عبارت از حقی است
که به موجب آن شخص می تواند از مالی که عین آن ملک دیگری است یا مالک خاصی ندارد استفاده کند.
شرایط خاص می تواند پرداخت هزینه باشد یا هر رابطه دیگری که در عرف و قانون پذیرفته شده است.
برای مثال فرد می تواند با اجاره دادن خانه خود در ازازی دریافت مبلغی مالکیت منفعت خانه را به مستاجر منتقل کند.
در این حالت مالکیت مستاجر بر منافع دائمی نیست و پس از پایان مدت قرارداد از بین خواهد رفت.
اما سرقفلی حقی است که به واسطه آن حق کاسبی و تجارت در یک ملک مشخص به دیگری واگذار می شود.
پس در نطر داشته باشید که حق مالکیلت ممکن است به منافع یک شی مربوط باشد.
حق مالکیت معنوی در واقع به مواردی اشاره می کندکه در آن هیچ شی فیزیکی وجود ندارد.
بنا بر این حق مالکیت معنوی بیشتر به حق ثبت اختراع و یا مالکیت فکری اشره دارد.
برای مثال ممکن است شما یک دستگاه جدید برای تصفیه آب تولید کنید
در این حالت کس دیگری نمی تواند با استفاده از اطلاعات شما همان دستگاه را تولید کند.
مگر اینکه حق مالکیت معنوی آن را پرداخت کرده باشد.
در واقع می توان گفت که مالکیت منفعت در مواردی که مالکیت معنوی وجود دارد هم قابل مشاهده است.
برای مثال ممکن است که شما یک سنسور جدید برای گوشی های همراه اختراع کنید
در این حالت می توانید حق استفاده از آن را به شرکت های دیگر واگذار کنید.
بنا بر قانون مدنی مالکیت سه وصف دارد:
ماده ۳۰ قانون مدنی بیان می کند که:
هر مالکی نسبت به مایملک خود حق همه گونه تصرف و انتفاع دارد مگر در مواردی که قانون استثناء کرده باشد.
در نظر داشته باشید که فرد تا جایی مجاز است که از مایملک خود استفاده کند
که از نظر قانونی خلافی را مرتکب نشود.
در این مورد می توان به ماده 132 قانون مدنی اشاره کرد:
کسی نمی تواند در ملک خود تصرفی کند که مستلزم تضرر همسایه شود
مگر تصرفی که به قدر متعارف و برای رفع حاجت یا رفع ضرر از خود باشد.
پس به این نکته توجه داشته باشید که هر چند شما صاحب مایملک خودتان هستید
اما نمی توانید از آن ها برای هر کاری استفاده کنید.
برای مثال شما صاحب گوشی تلفن خودتان می باشید
اما نمی توانید از آن برای جاسوسی یا سایر کارهای خلاف استفاده کنید.
توجه به ابن نکته هم مهم است که کارهایی که نمی توانید انجام دهید
به دلیل مالکیت نیست بلکه به دلیل ماهیت مجرمانه آن اعمال می باشد.
این اصل هم بیان می کند که هر مایملکی به صاحب یا صاحبان آن متعلق می باشد.
در نتیجه هر کس نمی تواند نسبت به هر چیزی ادعای مالکیت داشته باشد.
ماده ۳۱ قانون مدنی در این باره بیان می کند که هیچ مالی را از تصرف صاحب آن نمی توان بیرون کرد مگر به حکم قانون.
البته خود فرد هم می تواند طی یک قرارداد مالکیت خود را به فرد ثانوی منتقل کند.
حق مالکیت فرد بر بر مایملک به صورت مادم العمر می باشد.
یعنی فرد می تواند تا آخر عمر از آن استفاده کند و سپس آن را به ورثه خود منتقل کند.
البته در برخی از موارد ممکن است مالکیت از بین برود
مانند فروش ملک یا انجام اعمل مجرمانه که می تواند حق مالکیت را از افراد سلب کند.
در این نوشته به بررسی حق مالکیت و جنبه های متفاوت آن پرداختیم
اگر شما هم در این زمینه نظری دارید خوشحال می شویم که آن با با ما و سایر کاربران به اشتراک بگذاررید.
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